Short answer: No

The only difference between charging your iPhone connected to your Mac versus using a Power Adapter could be the speed at which it will get charged.

USB ports on your Mac and most power adapters are limited to 5 Watts.

All iPhones since the iPhone 8 can fast charge from empty to 50% battery in about 30 minutes using USB-C power adapter that supports USB Power Delivery (USB-PD).

In other words, depending on the USB charger you have, it could be much faster or equivalent to plugging it into your Mac in terms of time to charge your iPhone.

There are two main factors that can reduce the longevity of your iPhone's battery:

The number of charging cycles
How often the battery is outside the 20%-80% range

The first one is quite easy to understand; the more a battery gets chemically-stressed, the more it will wear down.

The second one is less intuitive:

Deep discharging (below 20%) can lead to increased resistance in the battery, which in turn can lead to increased self-discharge and reduced overall capacity
On the other hand, overcharging (above 80%) can cause the electrolyte in the battery to break down, leading to reduced capacity and increased risk of overheating, potentially resulting in a fire or explosion

The good news is that since iOS 13, Apple takes really good care of reducing the negative consequences of overcharging through a feature called "Optimised Battery Charging".

To check if it's activated, visit Settings > Battery > Battery Health

If, like me, you have the habit to plug your iPhone before going to bed so that it can do an iCloud backup during the night, iOS will slowly charge it past 80% until the time in the morning when you usually pick it up.

And you, have you activated ‘Optimised Battery Charging’ on your iPhone?

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